Upper respiratory infections are very common in cats, especially
kittens. The term upper respiratory infection actually describes a
complex variety of diseases that can occur alone or in combination.
Generally, all of these diseases produce a similar set of symptoms that
mainly affect the upper respiratory tract (i.e. mainly the nose and
throat).
Upper respiratory infections usually respond well to treatment,
though some cats can become quite ill. Occasionally, severe cases can
progress to pneumonia. Medically, this group of infections is called
feline respiratory disease complex.
Causes
There are numerous organisms that cause upper respiratory infections in cats, but the main culprits are:
- feline herpesvirus 1 - also called rhinotracheitis virus
- feline calicivirus - of which there are several strains
- Chlamydophila felis - a bacteria
- Bordatella bronchiseptica - a bacteria that also can cause kennel cough in dogs
- Mycoplasma spp. - a type of bacteria
The majority of cases are due to viral infections with herpesvirus and/or calicivirus.
Risk Factors
Kittens are the most at risk, especially before they have had all
their vaccinations. Upper respiratory infections most common in cats who
regularly have contact with other cats where cats are housed together
(e.g., shelters).
Unvaccinated cats, cats that are under stress, and cats that are immunosuppressed (e.g. some cats with
FeLV or
FIV) are also at greater risk. Flat-faced cats, such as Persians, seem particularly susceptible to upper respiratory infections.
Upper respiratory infections are spread via the discharge from the nose
and eyes, either by direct contact with infected cats, or by contact
with objects (e.g., dishes, bedding, etc.) contaminated with secretions
from infected cats.
Signs and Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Infections
The symptoms can vary in severity, but typically include any or all of the following:
- fever
- nasal discharge
- sneezing
- runny eyes
- reddened eyes (conjunctivitis)
- squinting
- cough
- hoarse voice
- sores in mouth and/or nose
- drooling
- gagging
- rapid breathing
- loss of appetite
- lethargy
Diagnosis of Upper Respiratory Infections
A diagnosis of upper respiratory infection can often be made on
the basis of history and symptoms. Further diagnostic tests can be done
on the secretions to identify the organisms causing disease.
Treating Upper Respiratory Infections
For most cats, treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms. Though
most cases are caused by viruses, antibiotics may be prescribed to
fight bacterial infections that often occur secondary to viral
infections. An eye ointment may be prescribed as well, and medications
to help control the nasal congestion and discharge may also be
prescribed.
Most cases can be treated at home, but in cases where cats won't
eat or drink, or have serious breathing difficulties, hospitalization
may be required. Intravenous fluids may be given to prevent dehydration
and oxygen therapy can be used if necessary.
Most cases clear up
within 7-10 days, although sometimes upper respiratory infections will
hang on for a few weeks. For cases that do not respond to the usual
supportive treatment, antiviral medications can be tried. Cats that
suffer prolonged or repeated bouts of respiratory infections should be
checked for FeLV and FIV.
Once the symptoms have resolved, cats
infected with herpesvirus continue to carry the virus forever, and cats
infected with calicivirus carry (and can spread) the virus for an
extended period (sometimes for life). With herpesvirus, the infection is
usually only "active" after times of stress; at these times cats will
be contagious to other cats and may have a relapse (show symptoms
again).
Preventing Upper Respiratory Infections
Vaccines against both herpesvirus and calicivirus are part of the
routine vaccination protocol that will be recommended by your vet. They
can be given either by injection or directly into the nose
("intranasally"), and your vet can discuss which vaccine to use and an
appropriate vaccination schedule for your cat.
A vaccine is also available for
Chlamydophilia, though it
is typically not part of the routine set of vaccinations -- your vet
can help you decide if this vaccine is right for your cat. In young
kittens, the vaccines are not fully protective until the full series of
vaccines is given.
Minimizing stress as well as preventing contact with infected cats
can also reduce the incidence of upper respiratory infections.
Home Care for a Cat with an Upper Respiratory Infection
Cats should be kept quiet and comfortable during the course of an
upper respiratory infection. Carefully wipe away discharge from the eyes
and nose, and administer all medications as prescribed by your vet. A
humidifier can help with managing the congestion.
Because cats might lose their sense of smell or have painful sores
in their mouths, their appetites may suffer. You can try feeding their
favorite, extra-tasty canned food, or even a special veterinary diet
that provides extra nutritional support if your cat's appetite is
diminished. However, if your cat won't eat or drink at all, consult your
vet.
In multi-cat households, speak to your vet about any precautions
you should take to minimize the risk to other susceptible cats in the
home (e.g., isolating sick cats, disinfecting food bowls and bedding,
etc.).
Please note: this article has been provided for informational purposes only. If your pet is showing any signs of illness, please consult a veterinarian as quickly as possible.