Generally, infertility in male dogs refers to diminished or
absent fertility. It does not imply sterility.
What causes infertility in male dogs?
The causes of infertility in male dogs are divided into two
main groups, congenital infertility and acquired infertility.
Congenital infertility is caused by genetic (chromosomal) abnormalities;
it is present at birth. Affected dogs cannot produce sperm. Acquired
infertility develops during the dog's lifetime. It has several
causes:
Incomplete ejaculation, usually occurs because the male dog
(stud) is uncomfortable in the breeding situation, such as :
- Unfamiliar surroundings
- Slippery flooring
- Absence of a female dog in heat
- Presence of a dominant pet guardian or female dog
Obstruction of the reproductive tract, caused by
- Inflammation
- Infection
- Cancer
- Vasectomy
Hormonal abnormalities
- Hypothyroidism (inadequate production of thyroid hormone
by the thyroid gland)
- Hyperadrenocorticism (excessive production of adrenal hormones
by the adrenal gland)
Drugs and toxins
- Parasiticides
- Corticosteroids
- Chemotherapeutic agents
- Some antifungal agents
Miscellaneous
- Trauma
- Environmental damage
- Testicular cancer
- Systemic disease
- Heat stress
- Prostate disease
- Inbreeding
How is infertility diagnosed in male dogs?
Infertility in male dogs is diagnosed by a good medical history,
including breeding management, and a physical examination. To
determine infertility, the veterinarian may perform a hormonal
(endocrine) profile, which measures several hormones that can
help identify the cause of the infertility. One of the hormones
is testosterone, the male hormone. Ultrasound (visualization of
deep body tissues by recording ultrasonic waves) helps identify
abnormalities of the male reproductive tract and permits evaluation
of the prostate gland.
A breeding soundness examination will be performed. A sperm
sample is collected and evaluated for volume, number or concentration
of sperm, motility of the sperm, and other characteristics of
sperm cells. Microscopic examination and bacterial culture of
sperm and urine also are performed. Other tests may be performed,
based on the veterinarian's assessment of the cause of infertility.
Testicular biopsy (removal and examination of a tissue specimen)
may be necessary to obtain a definitive diagnosis.
How is infertility treated in male dogs?
The treatment for infertility in male dogs varies, depending
on the underlying cause. No treatment is available for congenital
infertility. The veterinarian will discuss breeding management.
Most perceived infertility is actually incorrect timing of breeding
or poor breeding conditions. If improper breeding techniques are
not the problem, the veterinarian will treat the underlying cause
of the infertility. Supportive treatment includes reducing heat
or other stress and ensuring that diet and mineral supplementation
are adequate. Antibiotics are administered to treat infection.
Usually, a minimum of 3 to 4 weeks of treatment is recommended
to allow adequate and sustained concentrations of antibiotics
within the reproductive tract. Other treatment will depend on
the identified cause of the infertility. The testicles will require
time to return to function, at least 60 days. The pet guardian
should know that patience is important while the cause and treatment
of infertility are pursued.
What is the prognosis for infertility in male dogs?
The prognosis (outcome) for infertility in male dogs depends
on the underlying cause. Since most perceived infertility in male
dogs is actually incorrect timing of breeding, the initial prognosis
is good. However, if breeding management has been ruled out as
the cause, the prognosis is determined by the cause of infertility.
Dogs with congenital infertility will never produce sperm. Many
causes of acquired infertility can be corrected
.